9 World Chronicles

With 28 ethnic groups and languages, Liberia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. For hundreds of years, the Mali and Songhai Empires claimed most of Liberia. 

Beginning in the 15th century, European traders began establishing outposts along the Liberian coast. Unlike its neighbors, however, Liberia did not fall under European colonial rule. In the early 19th century, the United States began sending freed

enslaved people and other people of color to Liberia to establish settlements. In 1847, these settlers declared independence from the United States, writing their own constitution and establishing Africa’s first republic.

Geography

Location

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone

 

Area

total: 111,369 sq km

 

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Population

5.1 million (July 2020 est.)

Population Growth

2.71% (2020 est.)

Ethnicity

Kpelle 20.3%, Bassa

13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio

8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru 6%, Lorma 5.1%, other 29.3% (2008 est.)

Language

English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages few of

which can be written or used in correspondence

Religion

Christian 85.6%, Muslim 12.2%, Traditional 0.6%, other 0.2%,

none 1.5% (2008 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 52.1% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Literacy

 

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

 

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast

 

Elevation

highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,447 m

 

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

 

Natural resources

iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower

Ghana Cia Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first Sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its

independence. Ghana endured a series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR of the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS of the National Democratic Congress won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state. MILLS died in July 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election. In 2016, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO of the NPP defeated MAHAMA, marking the third time that Ghana’s presidency has changed parties since the return to democracy.

 

Location

Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo

 

Geographic coordinates

8 00 N, 2 00 W

 

Map references

Africa

 

Area

total: 238,533 sq km

 

land: 227,533 sq km

 

water: 11,000 sq km

 

country comparison to the world: 82

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Oregon

 

Land boundaries

total: 2,420 km

 

border countries (3): Burkina Faso 602 km, Cote d'Ivoire 720 km, Togo 1098 km

 

Coastline

539 km

 

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

 

contiguous zone: 24 nm

 

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

 

continental shelf: 200 nm

 

Climate

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north.

 

Terrain

mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

 

Elevation

highest point: Mount Afadjato 885 m

 

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

 

mean elevation: 190 m

 

Natural resources

gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone.

 

Population distribution

population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map

 

Natural hazards

dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts

 

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

 

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

 

People and Society

Population

32,372,889 (July 2021 est.)

 

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

 

country comparison to the world: 44

Nationality noun: Ghanaian(s)

Ethnic groups

Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande 1.1%, other 1.4% (2010 est.)

 

Languages

English is the official language

Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)

 

note:

 

Religions

Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 est.)

 

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Ghana

 

conventional short form: Ghana

 

former: Gold Coast

 

etymology: named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name but whose location was actually further north than the modern country

 

Government type

presidential republic

 

Capital

name: Accra

 

geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W

 

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

 

etymology: the name derives from the Akan word "nkran" meaning "ants," and refers to the numerous anthills in the area around the capital

 

Administrative divisions

16 regions; Ahafo, Ashanti, Bono, Bono East, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, North East, Northern, Oti, Savannah, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western, Western North

 

National symbol(s)

black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black

 

National anthem

name: God Bless Our Homeland Ghana

al GDP (purchasing power parity)

$164.64 billion (2019 est.)

 

Military and security service personnel strengths

the Ghana Armed Forces consists of approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)

 

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, it has received armaments from a variety of suppliers, led by

China, Germany, Russia, and Spain (2020)

Benin CIA Facts

 

Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a West African kingdom that rose to prominence in about 1500.

 

It rpresented a portion of a very prosperous area known as the Gold Coast.

The Empire resisted extensive attacks from European colonial powers.

 

The French Empire gained control of the region in 1892.

 

Imposing European religion and supplanting tribal independence and expression.

French Dahomey achieved independence in 1960; it changed its name to the Republic of Benin in 1975.

 

A succession of military governments ended in 1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and the establishment of a government based on Marxist-Leninist principles. A move to representative government began in 1989. Two years later, free elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU was returned to power by elections held in 1996 and 2001, though some irregularities were alleged. KEREKOU stepped down at the end of his second term in 2006 and was succeeded by Thomas YAYI Boni, a political outsider and independent, who won a second five-year term in March 2011. Patrice TALON, a wealthy businessman, took office in 2016 after campaigning to restore public confidence in the government.

 

Nationality

noun: Beninese (singular and plural)

 

adjective: Beninese

 

Ethnic groups

Fon and related 38.4%, Adja and related 15.1%, Yoruba and related 12%, Bariba and related 9.6%, Fulani and related 8.6%, Ottamari and related 6.1%, Yoa-Lokpa and related 4.3%, Dendi and related 2.9%, other 0.9%, foreigner 1.9% (2013 est.)

 

Languages

French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

 

Religions

Muslim 27.7%, Roman Catholic 25.5%, Protestant 13.5% (Celestial 6.7%, Methodist 3.4%, other Protestant 3.4%), Vodoun 11.6%, other Christian 9.5%, other traditional religions 2.6%, other 2.6%, none 5.8% (2013 est.)

 

Economic overview

The free market economy of Benin has grown consecutively for four years, though growth slowed in 2017, as its close trade links to Nigeria expose Benin to risks from volatile commodity prices. Cotton is a key export commodity, with export earnings significantly impacted by the price of cotton in the broader market. The economy began deflating in 2017, with the consumer price index falling 0.8%.

 

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 37,305

 

 

 

country comparison to the world: 164

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 10,905,559

 

 

 

 

Internet Country Code is .bj

 

Internet users 2.403.596 (20% of the population

Randga, called the Dancing witch.

Origin

Balinese Mythology

 

A fierce sorceress Queen of Balinese myth. Randa which means widow is depicted as near naked with long hair and nails. Her immortal opponent is the King Barong. The combat between Rangdo and Barong acted out in bellany's dance always ends with the wrong vanquishing rangda. Rangdum may have originated in Notorious 11th century Queen of Bali.

 

Rangda is the demon queen of the leyaks in Bali, according to traditional Balinese mythology. Terrifying to behold, the child-eating Rangda leads an army of evil witches against the leader of the forces of good, Barong.

 

It is suggested that Rangda may be derived from the 11th century Javan queen Mahendradatta who was exiled by the king, Dharmodayana, for allegedly practicing witchcraft. The tale surrounding this is that she proceeded to take her revenge by killing off half the kingdom, which by then belonged to her and Dharmodayana's son Erlangga, with plague before being overcome by a holy man. The name Rangda itself means "widow" in old Javanese and Balinese language. It may also be associated with the legend of a demon queen named Calon Arang, who wreaked havoc in late 10th century Java, during the reign of Airlangga.

 

Rangda is important in Balinese culture, and performances depicting her struggles with Barong or with Airlangga in that tale are popular tourist attractions as well as tradition. She is depicted as a mostly nude old woman, with long and unkempt hair, pendulous breasts and claws. Her face is traditionally a horrifying fanged and goggle-eyed mask, with a long, protruding tongue.

 

It has been suggested that Rangda may be closely associated with the Hindu warrior mother goddess Durga, or the black goddess of destruction Kali, given that Bali is a Hindu island. While Rangda is mainly seen as fearsome and a personification of evil, she is also seen as a protective figure in some parts of Bali. The colors associated with Rangda are red, black and white, and these colors are also associated with Kali, and her iconography is also similar to Kali. Mahendradatta, the queen Rangda might be based on, was known for her devotion to the cult of Durga in Bali.

Nirvana is a Sanskrit word for the goal of the Buddhist path: enlightenment or awakening. In Pali, the language of some of the earliest Buddhist texts, the word is nibbana; in both languages it means literally “extinction” (like a lamp or flame) or “cessation.” It refers to the extinction of greed, ill will, and delusion in the mind, the three poisons that perpetuate suffering. Nirvana is what the Buddha achieved on the night of his enlightenment: he became completely free from the three poisons. Everything he taught for the rest of his life was aimed at helping others to arrive at that same freedom.

Nirvana in Buddhism the state attained by one who has become enlightened and ceased to accumulate karma and hence has won release from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, with its attendant endless human suffering. The blissful state of undifferentiated being or pure illumination lies beyond object if description. Its clarity has been likened in Buddhism to the brilliance of the full moon revealed by the parting clouds.

 

moksha

(in Hinduism and Jainism) release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma.

the transcendent state attained as a result of being released from the cycle of rebirth.

 

Nirvāṇa     Nirvana literally "blown out", as in an oil lamp is a concept in Indian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism) that represents the ultimate state of soteriological release, the liberation from repeated rebirth.

 

In Indian religions, nirvana is synonymous with moksha and mukti.  All Indian religions assert it to be a state of perfect quietude, freedom, highest happiness as well as the liberation from or ending of samsara, the repeating cycle of birth, life and death. However, non-Buddhist and Buddhist traditions describe these terms for liberation differently. In Hindu philosophy, it is the union of or the realization of the identity of Atman with Brahman, depending on the Hindu tradition. In Jainism, nirvana is also the soteriological goal, representing the release of a soul from karmic bondage and samsara. In the Buddhist context, nirvana refers to realization of non-self and emptiness, marking the end of rebirth by stilling the fires that keep the process of rebirth going.

 

The ideas of spiritual liberation, with the concept of soul and Brahman, appears in Vedic texts and Upanishads,

 

Nirvāṇa is a term found in the texts of all major Indian religions – Hinduism, Jainism Buddhism, and Sikhism.  It refers to the profound peace of mind that is acquired with moksha, liberation from samsara, or release from a state of suffering, after respective spiritual practice or sadhana.

 

The Saṃsara, the life after death, and what impacts rebirth came to be seen as dependent on karma

Tibetan Buddhism, and other types of Mahayana Buddhism, the state of nirvana is synonymous with becoming a buddha, or realizing one’s innate buddhahood or buddhanature.

 

 

https://youtu.be/-loKNgxIVsM Tir who sees the future Culture Pre-Christian Armenia God of Wisdom

https://youtu.be/nwepLxqt-cQ   NAME: Giza, CONTINENT: Africa, Also known as: Al Giza. COUNTRY: Egypt, PERIOD: Ancient Kemet,

https://youtu.be/DAaoPDriy9M  The Pleiadians. Self-defined as a “collective of multidimensional spirit beings from the Pleiades star system,” the group’s mission is to “assist humanity with the process of spiritual transformation.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Th’uban star.

The traditional name of Alpha Draconis, Th’uban, means "head of the serpent."

Th’uban, designation Alpha Draconis, is a binary star system in the constellation of Draco.  Draco is one of the largest constellations in the sky. Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, the constellation represents Ladon, the dragon that guarded.

 

Thuban is  a relatively inconspicuous star in the night sky of the Northern Hemisphere, it is historically significant as having been the north pole star from the 4th to 2nd millennium BCE.

The traditional name Thuban is derived from the Arabic  'large snake'.

Symbolism          the Dragon

Main stars           14

stars      76

Stars with planets            14

Stars brighter than 3.00m             3

Visible at latitudes between +90° and −15°.

Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of July.

Th’uban is located at around 303 light-years / 93 parsecs away from the Sun. The primary component star is both more massive and several times bigger than our Sun.

 

The Pyramids on the Giza Plateau were designed to have one side facing north, with an entrance passage geometrically aligned so that Th’uban would be visible at night.

 

The Egyptians described these stars as "imperishable" or "undying." Khufu expected that when he died, he would join not only with the Sun, but with Thuban as well - maintaining order in the celestial realm, just as he had on Earth.

 

This ties into older Sub Saharan mythologies of the Ogdoad role as the progenitors of the cosmos.

 

There are a number of myths behind the constellation Draco, due to its resemblance to a dragon,

 

In the famous Sumerian Myth Draco is presented as Tiamat, the sea serpent who existed even before the sea and sky had been divided from each other, the dragon of chaos. the wild form that must be tamed before a new order could be established. This group of stars has always been associated with control of the Universe.

the sea serpent who existed even before the sea and sky had been divided from each other, the dragon of chaos.

 

In Greek myth Th’uban represents control of immortality and sacred knowledge.

In three separate tales Hercules, Jason each kill dragon for specific target.

 

Hercules for the Golden Apples that represent immortality, Hera later placed the dragon in the sky as the constellation Draco.

Jason for the Sacred Golden fleece.  

In another legend, Draco represents the dragon killed by Cadmus before founding the city of Thebes, Greece.  Just as Marduk had to kill Tiamat before founding his Kingship.

 

 

The Persians regarded Th’uban as a man-eating serpent called 'Azhdeha'.

 

 

In alien conspiracy theory the Th’uban star is home to the Annunaki who play the role of the reptile overlords who come to Earth as a Galactic Corporate enterprise. They create mankind as a labor force who they seek to exterminate at several points.

 

They are opposed by the benevolent Pleiadeans who aid mankind through education and enlightenment. The Pleiadeans are often synchronized as the Vanir of Norse myth.  

 

The proliferation of Snake deities thought the Hindu belief systems seen as sources of knowledge and medical expertise.

 

Thu'ban  is personified as a demon who was worshiped as a snake god by pagan Arabs, he was also known variously as Hanash, Hayya and Hubab. Habab being another name for Shaytan.  The demon often took the form of serpents, and they were a sacred totem to the Minaeans of Yemen.

In fantasy literature Th’uban leads the great demon army as a Demon King.

This star was one of the first planetary systems Alpha Draconian Lords conquered. The inhabitants are different kinds of Draco/Reptilian life forms, often giant in shape. These races are commonly mentioned as a cruel conqueror race and deeply involved in Earth's history.

 

At every point of reference, the Th’uban star is viewed as a source of knowledge or authority. The defeat its influence was to claim lordship or immortality. Only the Sirius star system has had a more profound impact on the religions mythologies and fictions of Earth.

 

 

https://youtu.be/yvmFzX3MaMs #Oshun

 

https://youtu.be/IZf1JV3yJOs #GOT

 

https://youtu.be/ErFGxElkcv8 #GOT WEstros

 

https://youtu.be/HPFFaklxCXo #GOT

 

https://youtu.be/6kyn-2WNuG4  #Beauty

Agwé

Loa of the Sea, Earth Shaker

Venerated in      Haitian Vodou

Symbols: Shells, fish, blue, white, green, brown, oars, boats, mirrors, telescope, fish hooks, net, sailors uniform

Patronage           Sea, river, fishermen, sailors, sea captains, pirates, Thursday, ships, boats, wind, waves, sea travelers

He is known as the great Admiral and the sovereign King of the sea.

His Kingdom is shared with Laserenia,  she is a beautiful deity who many people associate as his consort.

Although in some mythology she is seen as his daughter.

These two are known as the royalty of the sea Agwe is more than simply King of the waters or the sea god is an old spirit one of the first to manifest on earth.

It is believed that Agwe existed in the primordial waters that covered the earth before life began.

Met Agwe is the loa of direction. His territory is the winds and the currents, waves and depths of the oceans. He helps sailors find their bearings when lost at sea. He provides inspiration and guidance whenever an individual needs them in times of turmoil, loss, or indecision. He lives in a glorious palace under the seas. Patron of sailors, sea travelers, and pirates. ("Master Agwe")

 

 

 

Papa Agwe is envisioned as a handsome African man with green eyes,, often wearing a naval officer's or sailor's uniform. He is considered to be a gentleman who commands respect and embodies several ideals of masculinity including bravery, reserve, and provision.

 

Worship

His colors are blue, white, and occasionally sea-green or brown. His ritual symbol) is a boat with sails. His symbols are painted shells, painted oars, and sea life like the seahorse and starfish. He is syncretized with the Catholic saint Ulrich of Augsburg and occasionally the archangel Raphael, both of whom are depicted holding fish. His holy day is Thursday.

 

He is saluted or signaled with blowing on a conch shell and/or volleys of gunfire. When he possesses a devotee he often pushes himself around the temple on a chair (his boat) with a cane (his oar), shouting naval commands and saluting members of the congregation. His chevals ("horses" or possessed devotees) need to be kept moist with wet sponges or damp towels and have to be kept from running into the sea, where Agwe belongs.

 

Offerings

Small offerings to Agwe are poured or dropped overboard in deep ocean water. Large offerings to Agwe are left on constructed rafts (barques d'Agwe) which are floated or towed out to sea. If the raft sinks, it is accepted; if it returns to shore it is rejected.After the offering is left, the supplicants cannot look back at that place or it will anger Agwe. Chevals must be prevented from falling or leaping into the sea and drowning, as it would offend Agwe. Nothing toxic (lead pipes, cement bags, garbage) must be used to weigh down the raft; if it will hurt or pollute the sea, it will anger Agwe.

 

His offerings include:

 

Beverages: champagne, naval rum, or anisette. Coffee with sugar and cream.

Items: mirrors, a telescope, toy ships or scale ship models, oars or paddles, sea shells, turquoise beads or jewelry, fish-shaped sculptures or jewelry, fish hooks and nets, nautical uniforms or medals.

Food: Savory exotic foods, melon, boiled cornmeal, rice cooked in coconut milk, rice cooked with lima beans, boiled or fried ripe bananas, white cake, cane syrup, almond oil, olive oil.

Sacrificial Animals: White roosters, male ducks, and white rams or goats whose wool has been dyed with indigo. They are afterwards prepared, cooked, and then placed in serving dishes or on plates as a sacrifice (as king of the seas, he doesn't get hot food at home)

 

Agwey likes songs

 

Takes the form of a Handsome old man

 

He is known for carrying the soul of Africans who died in the Slave trade.

 

Possession, Agwe can summoned for possession, and its described as a benevolent helpful

 

 

Muso Koroni

The pure woman with the primeval soul.

The Knowledgeable One; The Pure Woman with the Primeval Soul

 

Also known as:

Nyalé; Mousso Koroni

 

Origin:

Bamana/Bambara

 

According to myth, Muso Koroni, Leopard Goddess of Mali, is the world’s first female while the first male was a blacksmith. Muso Koroni is among those spirits involved with the magical traditions of smithcraft. Originally a divine Creatrix, she traveled as a whirlwind sparking the process of creation.

She was venerated as  fertility goddess Bambara Mali West Africa.

The mother of all living things she introduced mankind to the principles of farming.

 

 

She is depicted either in human form sometimes with many breasts or as a Panther in later guys she uses her claws to bring on menstrual cramps in  women and to  circumcise both sexes.

prior to circumcision a youth is set to possess an untamed wildness. Muso Koroni is pursued by the sun God Pembo. Who impregnates her in the form of a tree.

 

Color:

Black, associated with fertility and black fertile soil

 

Elements: Fire, air (wind)

 

Offerings:

Smiths traditionally craft metal images of her in the form of candelabra. Her spirit is invoked when the lamp’s cups, filled with shea butter, are lit.

Ahriman Chthonic God of Darkness

Culture Zoroastrian (Farsi-Persian)

Ahriman is the evil spirit in Early Iranian Religion, Zoroastrianism, and Zorvanism, Lord of Darkness and Chaos, and the source of human confusion, disappointment, and strife.

The antagonist of Ahura Mazda, the god of light and his attendant Mithra.

\

 

Is said to have tried to persuade his attendant animals including the scorpion, ant, snake to drink the blood of the bull slain by Mithra in the premiere myth legend of dualistic conflict. If he had succeeded he would have prevented life from forming on earth. In another legend he tried to thwart a horror Mazda by sending a flood to destroy the world. Also recognize in Roman Mithraism. Rituals included animal sacrifice.

 

Book of Jamaspi"Ahriman, like a worm, is so much associated with darkness and old age, that he perishes in the end."[

 

the Zurvanite Ulema-i Islam Ahriman, "being devoid of anything good, does not issue from that which is owing to truth." (62.2)

 

He is the Angra Mainya (evil spirit) while Ahura Mazda is the Spenta Mainya  good or bright spirit)

 

He is the demon of demons, and dwells in an abyss of endless darkness in the north, the traditional home of the demons. Ignorance, harmfulness, and disorder are the characteristics of Ahriman. He can change his outward form and appear as a lizard, a snake, or a youth. His aim is always to destroy the creation of [Ahura Mazda] and to this end he follows behind the creator's work, seeking to spoil it. As Ahura Mazda creates life, Ahriman creates death; for health, he produces disease; for beauty, ugliness. All man's ills are due entirely to Ahriman.

 

The Younger Avesta. Vd. 19.47, Yt. 15.43, and Aogəmadaēca 28 place Angra Mainyu’s sojourn in the nether world, a world of darkness. According to Vd. 19.1 and 44, he dwells in the north, the region of the daēvas.

 

Angra Mainyu is the chief of all the daēvas and is called (Vd. 19.1, 43-44) daēvanąm daēvō “the daēva of daēvas.”

Esmun Etruscan God of Healing

 

God of Healing

 

Culture/Region Western Semetic  (Phoenician)

 

Known first from the Iron age levels at Sidon, his cult spread as far as Carthage, Cyprus and Sardinia.

 

His name is linked to the mother Goddess Caelestis.

 

He is linked with the development of medical science in the early Phoenician cultue and his cult centers were typically attached to education in healing arts.

 

His sacred stone is Amber which is said to help draw sickness from the body and negativity from the emotional energy.

 

He was incorporated into Greek culture as the physician God Asklepios.

 

He was venerated as such from roughly 800 bce until the Christianization of the empire.

 

Cult Center was in Pergamon,

 

Asklepios is associated with the medical symbol of the two serpents which we still see today.

Shanakdakheto  shah-nahk-dah-kee-toh

 

Classification :  Important Historical Figure

 

Culture/Region: Meroe Nubia

Ruling Queen of Kush Empire

 

Reign: Circa 177 to 155

Preceded by       Unknown

Succeeded by    Tanyidamani

Queen Shanakdakhete was the first African queen of Nubia.

References: Wall Inscriptions at Temple F in Naga. Her name appears in Meroitic Hieroglyphics in the middle of an Egyptian text

She styled herself as Son of Re, Lord of the Two Lands,

Center of Cult: A Temple was dedicated to her at Meroe

 

She is said to have ruled with full power in the Meroë Empire.  She is also said to have ruled without a king. It is also stated that as queen she played a significant role in the Meroitic religion.[5] In the 2nd century BC Shanakdakheto built the Temple F at Naqa.

 

As an African beauty, the queen is shown with a strong build, and bejeweled, a trait indicating wealth, power and prosperity, and childbearing capacity.

 

In the decorations of her mortuary chapel, the architectural features are highly artistic. In one sunken relief the queen is depicted wearing an embellished garment and bejeweled, sitting on a royal seat shaped as a lion, carrying a spear and palm branch in her right, with her left hand raised.

Sandstone relief from south wall of funerary chapel of Queen Shanakdakhete; right: queen enthroned, prince behind, both figures protected by wings of Isis; left: religious scenes and rows of attendant figures bearing palm-branches; formed from fifty-one blocks.

Africa: sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan: Northern Nile: Meroë (Nubia - archaic)

 

Acquisition name

Donated by: Government of Sudan

Acquisition date

1905