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Black is the darkest color, complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, a color without hue, like white and gray.

Black is associated with fertility, magic and elegance.

Black ink is the most common color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus the easiest color to read.

 

Black was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago.

 

For the ancient Egyptians, black had a special meaning, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead.

 

Ausar, who is credited with spreading sacred knowledge, is call the perfect black.

 

The word Khem, meant black or blackness. AS the root word of Chemistry, we understand this to mean the black arts or black study.

 

It has been argued that the Khemites were thus calling themselves the Black People.

 

 

 

Black symbolized both power and secrecy in the medieval world. The emblem of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany was a black eagle. The black knight in the poetry of the Middle Ages was an enigmatic figure, hiding his identity, usually wrapped in secrecy.

 

A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors. Black is the absorption of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment.

 

In elementary science, far ultraviolet light is called "black light" because, while itself unseen, it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce.

 

As of September 2019, the darkest material is made from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. The material was grown by MIT engineers and was reported to have a 99.995% absorption rate of any incoming light. This surpasses any former darkest materials including Vantablack, which has an peak absorption rate of 99.965% in the visible spectrum

 

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. The theory of general relativity predicts that when a star runs of out gas and begins to collapse  a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics.

 

After a black hole has formed it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses may form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies.

 

In China, the color black is associated with water, one of the five fundamental elements believed to compose all things.

In Japan black can also symbolize experience, as opposed to white, which symbolizes naiveté. The black belt in martial arts symbolizes experience.

 

In Christian theology, black was the color of the universe before God created light. In many religious cultures, from Mesoamerica to Oceania to India and Japan, the world was created out of a primordial darkness.

 

In Hinduism, the goddess Kali, goddess of time and change, is portrayed with black or dark blue skin. wearing a necklace adorned with severed heads and hands. Her name means "The black one". She destroys anger and passion according to Hindu mythology and her devotees are supposed to abstain from meat or intoxication.

 

In Paganism, black represents dignity, force, stability, and protection. The color is often used to banish and release negative energies.

 

Black is frequently used as a color of power, law and authority. In many countries judges and magistrates wear black robes

 

Black formal attire is still worn at many solemn occasions or ceremonies, from graduations to formal balls. Graduation gowns are copied from the gowns worn by university professors in the Middle Ages, which in turn were copied from the robes worn by judges and priests, who often taught at the early universities. The mortarboard hat worn by graduates is adapted from a square cap called a biretta worn by Medieval professors and clerics.

Black Panther symbolism is inevitably linked to a protector, a guardian, or a savior.

 

The names cougar, puma, panther, Black Panther, leopard, and mountain lion are often used interchangeably as they all belong to the class of animals grouped under the term ‘Panthera.’

 

The Black Panther is a melanistic leopard found in the moist, dense forests.

 

The Egyptian Goddess Mafdel took on the appearance of a panther and is invoked even today as the destroyer of snakes and scorpions. Thus, much of the Black Panther symbolism is linked to protection and guardianship.

 

Egyptian priests supposedly wore leopard and panther skins when performing funerary rites.

The symbolism of the black panther was used by the American Political Party of the 1960

In India, the caste system used the Black Panther Movement in America to form the Dalit Panthers –

 

The Dahomey God Agassu is a product of union between a panther and a Tado princess. Agassu became the founder of the royal line of Abomey.

 

Panther and leopard symbolism is also found in conjunction with the rulers of Cameroon Grasslands and Kongo. In fact, one of the many symbols of the power of the ruling Obas of Benin is a panther.

 

In the Iroquois mythology of North American Indians, the God of the West Wind is Dajoji – a panther or jaguar. When he snarls, even the sun hides his face.

 

Onyx, raven , ebony, melanoid, infinite, obsidian, sable,

 

The African Diaspora identifies itself with the term black.

 

Black is beautiful.

 

Black is infinite.

 

It is black culture, black awareness and black love.

 

Black is a color, a cosmological event and ideology, a people and a state of begin.

 

It is both the combination of all others and the absence of them.

 

 


Dendera Temple Complex

Located Nabta Playa in the Saharan desert

Sacred Places

Significance

Of Nabta Playa in general pushes the foundation of the Kemetic Civilization to 10 to 15 thousand years bce.

Size

The whole complex covers some 40,000 square meters and is surrounded by a hefty mudbrick enclosed wall.

 

Well Preserved

 It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes in Egypt. The area was used as the sixth nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos.

 

 

Hathor temple

Who was highly venerated by the Kemetic people as a supreme goddess and the Eye of Ra.

Shrine of Auset

Shrine of Sokar

Shrine of Harsomtus

Shrine of Hathor's Sistrum

Shrine of gods of Lower Egypt

Shrine of Hathor

Shrine of the throne of Rê

Shrine of Rê

Shrine of Menat collar

Shrine of Ihy

Shrine to Ausar

 

Dendera zodiac

 

The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Ausar in the Hathor temple at Dendera, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and Libra (the scales).

 

The first representation of the solar systems and the concept of the Zodiac

The Calendar Circle, which actuarily tracked the movements of the stars of a several thousand year period.

 

 


Country

 Antigua and Barbuda

 Bahamas

 Barbados

 Belize

 Botswana

 Burundi

 Cameroon

 Canada

 Dominica

 Eswatini

 Fiji

 Gambia

 Ghana

 Grenada

 Guyana

 India

 Ireland

 Jamaica

 Kenya

 Kiribati

 Lesotho

 Liberia

 Malawi

 Malta

 Marshall Islands

 Mauritius

 Micronesia

 Namibia

 Nauru

 Nigeria

 Pakistan

 Palau

 Papua New Guinea

 Philippines

 Rwanda

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

 Saint Lucia

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

 Samoa

 Seychelle

 Sierra Leone

 Singapore

 Solomon Islands

 South Africa

 South Sudan

 Sudan

 Tanzania

 Tonga

 Trinidad and Tobago

 Tuvalu

 Uganda

 Vanuatu

 Zambia

 Zimbabwe


Thebes

Location               Luxor, Luxor Governorate, Egypt

Region  Upper Egypt

Type      Settlement

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name     Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis

Type      Cultural

Criteria I, III, VI

Designated         1979 (3rd session)

Reference no.   87

Region  Arab States

Thebes known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras. 


Heka"He Who Activates the Ka"

 Alternative Names: Hike

 

Role & Function: The personification of magic, the power of word.

 

Status:  Heka was a member of the Triad of Latopolis, consisting of Neith, Khnum and Heka

 

Symbols:              The side lock, Hemhem crown, ankh, flail and scepter

 

Cult Center:        Hermopolis (Khmunu) in the Nile Delta lands of Lower Egypt

 

Titles:   

 

Heka, the Egyptian god of Magic and Medicine.. Heka, also known by the name of Hike, the god with magic powers and spells was the personification of divine magic that the ancient Egyptians believed produced the magical power of the sun and of life. As the god of magic he was also associated with medicine and healing and the power of the written and spoken words. The priests of Heka invoked his magical powers when practicing their arts, called themselves 'Priests of Heka'. Ancient Egyptian temples included a type of hospital where the priest practised their form of medicine and magic.

At the beginning of time, the god Atum emerged from the swirling waters of chaos to stand on the first dry land, the primordial ben-ben, to begin the act of creation.

 

The universe was created and given form by magical means, and magic sustained both the visible and invisible worlds. Heka was thought to have been present at creation and was the generative power the gods drew upon in order to create life.

To me belonged the universe before you gods came into being. You have come afterwards because I am Heka" (Spell, 261).

 

Heka was linked to the creative aspects of the heart and the tongue. The heart was considered the seat of one's individual personality, thought, and feeling, while the tongue gave expression to these aspects. Sia was a personification of the heart, Hu of the tongue, and Heka the power which infused both.

 

 

Heka was depicted as a young, beautiful and healthy child god. In ancient Egyptian art children were illustrated with a finger pointing towards their mouth (sucking their thumb) or pointing towards the lips. The Hieroglyphic Symbol for a child was indicated by a finger inserted in mouth. Heka was also depicted wearing a side lock, as worn by ancient Egyptian boys and the style of headdress called a Hemhem crown. He forms a Triad with Khnum and Neith. Hermopolis (Khmunu) in the Nile Delta lands of Lower Egypt

 

 

Magic was considered present at the birth of creation - was, in fact, the operative force in the creative act - and so Heka is among the oldest gods of Egypt, recognized as early as the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000 - c. 3150 BCE) and appearing in inscriptions in the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 - 2613 BCE).

 

He is frequently seen in funerary texts and inscriptions guiding the soul of the deceased to the afterlife and is often mentioned in medical texts and spells. The Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts both claim Heka as their authority (the god whose power makes the texts true)

 

Heka was honored throughout Egypt's history from the earliest times through the Ptolemaic Dynasty (332-30 BCE) and into Roman Egypt. There was a statue of him in the temple of the city of Esna where his name was inscribed on the walls. He was regularly invoked for the harvest, and his statue was taken out and carried through the fields to ensure fertility and a bountiful crop.

 

 

 


Ptah is ultimate creator who made everything including the gods of the Ogdoad of Hermopolis and the Ennead of Heliopolis and was given the epithet "He who set all the gods in their places and gave all things the breath of life". As the supreme creator of humankind, Ptah became the patron to those who would utilize the spoken or written word in their duty. He was regarded as “the ancient one.” Sekhmet was his wife, and Nefertem his son. And the three became the Memphite triad.


Name : The Ogdoad Aliases : The 8, The Primordial Classification: Pantheon of Cosmic deities Literature: Pyramid Text of the Old Kingdom Associated: Creation, The Primordial Waters Patheon/Faith : Early Nile River Valley Civilizations Cultural : Ancient Nile Valley The Egyptians believed that before the world was formed, there was a watery mass of dark, directionless chaos. In this chaos lived the Ogdoad of Khmunu (Hermopolis), a group of four pairs of gods venerated in Hermopolis whom the Egyptians called the eight. They are the personifications of the primeval forces of chaos Nun and his wife Naunet symbolized the primordial waters Kuk and Kauket represented darkness. Huh and Hauhet the eternity of space. Amun and Amaunet represent invisibility or the hidden. As cosmic gods they are represented in anthropomorphic form. They are also sometimes conceived as chthonic animals the male gods appearing as frogs the female as snakes The chaos existed without the light, and thus Kek and Kauket came to represent this darkness. They also symbolized obscurity, the kind of obscurity that went with darkness, and night. the four concepts represent the primal fundamental state of the beginning, they are what always was. In the myth, however, their interaction ultimately proved to be unbalanced, resulting in the arising of a new entity. When the entity opened, it revealed Ra, the fiery sun, inside. After a long interval of rest, Ra, together with the other gods, created all other things. The concept of an Ogdoad appears in Gnostic systems of the early Christian era, and was further developed by the theologian Valentinus (ca. 160 AD). The number eight plays an important part in Gnostic systems, The earliest Gnostic systems included a theory of seven heavens and a supercelestial region called the Ogdoad. Astronomical theories had introduced the concept of seven planetary spheres with an eighth above them, the sphere of the fixed stars. The Ogdoad were the original great gods of they helped with creation of all existence, then died and retired to the land of the dead where they continued to make the Nile flow and the sun rise every day.

Chaos is represented in most belief systems. It is the state from which all existence initially comes. And at the same time the force that threatens to consume us all. Being in a primordial ooze or a vibrating string.

Chaos is possibility it is potential,

 

It is unpredictable and enigmatic. Chaos is both the spark of life that came from the vibrations of the ancient deities of the Ogdoad Cosmology and the force that would ultimately overwhelm the 9 realms at the time of Ragnarok.

 

Chaos

What is the full meaning of chaos?

any confused, disorderly mass

a state of utter confusion or disorder; a total lack of organization or order. any confused, disorderly mass: a chaos of meaningless phrases.

 

Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the study of chaos —is an interdisciplinary theory stating that, within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems, there are underlying patterns, interconnectedness, constant feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals, and self-organization.[3] The butterfly effect, an underlying principle of chaos, describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state (meaning that there is sensitive dependence on initial conditions). A metaphor for this behavior is that a butterfly flapping its wings in Texas can cause a hurricane in China.

 

In Germanic tradition chaos or more actually the struggle against chaos (Chaoskampf is typically defined by the depiction of a culture hero battling a chaos monster most often in the form of a serpent of dragon.

As we would see in Thor’s battle against the Midgard serpent. Nut this is a microcosm of the Norse beliefs. The Aesir constantly fought the forces of chaos. And as predicted in its most famous story, the prophecy called Ragnarök. Chaos would win the.

 

North African parallels would include Maat vs Isfet and Horus the younger battling his uncle Set.

Set was the most famous representation of the chaos force. He was dangerous and claimed the life of his brother Ausar. His reign reflected a time of difficulties in the empire.

But we was an important figure in the protection of  Ra on his nightly voyage to the underworld.

 

 most Greek cosmologies tell us – the very first of all, the origin of everything, the empty, unfathomable space at the beginning of time.

 

in the beginning, Chaos was all that there was, the dark majesty and mystery of creation incarnate. And that it was from Chaos that the first three primordial gods sprang forth: the wide-bosomed Gaea (Earth), Tartarus (the Underworld), and Eros (Love), the fairest among the deathless gods. Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night). True, their sexual union would produce luminous offspring – Aether (the Divine Air) and Hemera (the Day).

We can not ignore the association of chaos and dark matter of which accounts for 85% of the matter in the universe and a quarter of its mass.

 

God of Chaos

 

Set, Loki

 

Canaanite, Yam who was a god of the sea the primordial chaos.

Mesopotamia – Tiamat

In Zorostrian is wa Angra Mainyu


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